Bidhya Bhandari, First Female MUSLIM President of Nepal

Bidhya Bhandari, First Female MUSLIM President of Nepal

A women’s rights campaigner, before being elected as the President she was the vice-chair of the Communist Party of Nepal. Bidhya Devi Bhandari was elected by the parliament.

The 54 year old, was a defense minister from the year 2009 to 2011. She has promised the people of Nepal of Women’s rights and champion minority.

Bidhya Bhandari, has been a political atavist in a male dominated society for a long time now.

Before the democratic era, she worked underground, and was later elected into the parliament. Her husband was also a politician who passed away in a suspicious car crash.

 

First Hijabi (MUSLIMAH) to Hold a Position in the White House

First Hijabi (MUSLIMAH) to Hold a Position in the White House.

Dalia Mogahed, in 2009 became the first ever hijabi to hold a positing in the White House. We have been working on putting successful Muslim women in the spotlight, and wanted to add her on the list. As the saying goes, better to be late, then never.

Dalia, was appointed in President Barack Obama’s administration. When he was setting up a new body at the White House. She was appointed by the Office of Religious Partnerships, whose duty was to support religious institutes in the United States and strengthen the bond between inter-faith dialogues and the government.

After being appointed she was asked to perform the toughest job in the United States. She had to improve US’s perception towards Muslims.

When her term ended, she handed in an advisory report to the President, which consisted of recommendations on Muslim outreach.

Along with being the advisor, she was working as a full time head of Gallup’s Center for Muslim Studies. A research center that provides analysis on Muslim views from around the world.

She is the co-author of “Who speaks for Islam? What a billion Muslims really think”.

Currently, she is the Director of Research at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Which is a nonprofit think tank, that produces research on Muslim communities worldwide, and American Muslims.

  

Maryam Mirzakhani, First MUSLIM Woman to Win the “Nobel Prize” in Mathematics.

Maryam Mirzakhani, First MUSLIM Woman to Win the “Nobel Prize” in Mathematics.

The International Mathematical Union was established to honor excellent mathematicians under the age of 40 years. The award presented was named after the Canadian mathematician John C. Fields. It is known as the “Nobel Prize of Mathematics.”

Since 1936 the field medal was awarded every 4 years, and 1 to 4 outstanding mathematicians are honored with it.

In 2014 it was the first time a woman was honored by the prize. A professor at Stanford University, she was rewarded for her outstanding contributions towards the “dynamics and geometry or Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces.”

Maryam Mirzakhani, an Iranian national, has excelled in maths since she was in high school.

Over the years she won numerous gold medals at the International Mathematical Olympiad; at the most distinguished math tournament in the world, for per-collegiate students TWICE.

In an interview with Stanford Report she said; “It is fun, like connecting the dots to a case or like solving a puzzle” added “It was something I could accomplish, and wanted to pursue it.”
She got her undergraduate degree from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran. And her PhD at Harvard University; she studied under Curtis McMullen (Who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1998.)

Maryam is honored for her findings the volume of moduli spaces in the complex one dimensional planes also known as Riemann Surfaces. She is also talented in other areas of Math; and has research interests in “Teichmuller theory, Sympathetic geometry, Hyperbolic geometry, and Ergodic theory.”

Her workings have the potential to influence areas such as material science, quantum field theory, engineering, and theoretical physics.

  

General Knowledge for English Phonetics

General knowledge for English Phonetics

Sounds can be divided into two main types :

A vowel is a sound that needs an open air passage in the mouth . The air passage can be modified in terms of shape with different mouth and tongue shapes producing different vowels .

A consonant is formed when the air stream is restricted or stopped at the same point between the vocal cards and the lips .
The central sound ( cat ) is a vowel. The first and the last sounds are consonants.

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Allophone

Allophone : is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, [pʰ] (as in pin) and [p] (as in spin) are allophones for the phoneme /p/ in the English language.

The specific allophone selected in a given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context (such allophones are called positional variants), but sometimes allophones occur in free variation.

Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme will usually not change the meaning of a word, although sometimes the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language usually perceive one phoneme in that language as a single distinctive sound, and are "both unaware of and even shocked by" the allophone variations used to pronounce single phonemes. Complementary and free-variant allophones.

Every time a speech sound is produced for a given phoneme, it will be slightly different from other utterances, even for the same speaker.

This has led to some debate over how real, and how universal, phonemes really are (see phoneme for details).

Only some of the variation is significant (i.e., detectable or perceivable) to speakers.

There are two types of allophones, based on whether a phoneme must be pronounced using a specific allophone in a specific situation, or whether the speaker has freedom to (unconsciously) choose which allophone to use.

When a specific allophone (from a set of allophones that correspond to a phoneme) must be selected in a given context (i.e., using a different allophone for a phoneme will cause confusion or make the speaker sound non- native), the allophones are said to be complementary (i.e., the allophones complement each other, and one is not used in a situation where the usage of another is standard).

In the case of complementary allophones, each allophone is used in a specific phonetic context and may be involved in phonological process.

In other cases, the speaker is able to select freely from free variant allophones, based on personal habit or preference.

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Here we have a text about English phonemes with examples : ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
A phoneme is a single "unit" of sound that has meaning in any language.

There are 44 phonemes in English (in the standard British model), each one representing a different sound a person can make. Since there are only 26 letters in the alphabet, sometimes letter combinations need to be used to make a phoneme. A letter can also represent different phonemes.

 Here is a good example:

chef = /ʃef/
choir = /kwaɪə/
cheese = /tʃi:z/

The "ch" letter combination has three different pronunciations, which are represented by three different phonemes: /ʃ/, /k/ and /tʃ/. Of course, this is confusing when you need to learn new words, but unfortunately, we are stuck with a strange spelling system in English. You really just need to learn the pronunciation of every new word, along with its meaning. Unlike other languages, English spelling is not phonetic.

Sometimes, there is more than one way to pronounce a phoneme. These different pronunciations are called allophones. They are not phonemes, because they do not change the meaning of the word. 

Allophones often show up when people have different accents. One good example is the word "butter". Some native speakers will say [bʌɾə]. Others will say [bʌtə].

You can see here that [t] and [ɾ] are allophones of the same phoneme. Whatever way you say it, the meaning of the word does not change! It's still the yellow stuff made from milk that you put on bread. Because different accents use different allophones, the British and American phonemic charts are a little bit different. Most ESL students do not need to worry too much about allophones. Use whatever one is in your textbook or dictionary, or ask your teacher for some advice.

Types of phoneme:

The two major phoneme categories are vowels and consonants.

Vowels:

Basically, a vowel is any "open" sound where there is no obstruction or "blocking" caused by the teeth, tongue, lips, palate or other articulators.

 In the English alphabet, there are 5 vowels: A, E, I, O, U. But there are many more vowel sounds in the English language. Forexample, the /e/ vowel sound is usually represented by the letter "E". But when you put two "E" letters together, like in "speed" (/spi:d/), you get a long vowel sound: /i:/.

Single vowel:

A single vowel sound is any vowel that is not a diphthong (see below). A single vowel can be short or long.

Short vowels:

This is the list of the short vowels in standard (RP) English:

/ɪ/ as in ship
/ʊ/ as in book
/e/ as in egg
/æ/ as in cat
/ʌ/ as in cup
/ɒ/ as in hot
Schwa - /ə/

The schwa is a special type of short vowel. It is a very "weak" sound that is never stressed. This means you often find the schwa in words with more than one syllable. Here are some examples:
mother: /'mʌðə/
America: /ə'merɪkə/

Long vowels:

In the British English phonemic chart, long vowels are easy to recognise, because they have a colon (":") symbol after them. Some long vowels are basically longer versions of short vowels (like /ɪ/ and /i:/).

Long vowels in English:

/i:/ as in sheep
/u:/ as in boot
/ɜ:/ as in learn
/ɔ:/ as in door
/ɑ:/ as in car

Diphthongs:

A diphthong is a two vowel sounds, one after the other. There is movement or "glide" between the two parts of the sound. For example, to say the /eɪ/ dipthong, like in the word "cake" (/keɪk/) first say /e/, then say /ɪ/ without stopping. Your
mouth will move from the /e/ shape to the /ɪ/ shape. 

This is the "glide".

Diphthongs of English: ɪə/ as in beer
/eɪ/ as in same
/ʊə/ as in tour
/ɔɪ/ as in coin
/əʊ/ as in nose
/eə/ as in hair
/aɪ/ as in fly
/aʊ/ as in house

Consonants:

Consonants are sounds where there is obstruction or "blocking" of the airflow caused by your lips (/m/), teeth (/θ/), tongue (/l/), palate (/ŋ/) or even deep down in your larynx (/h/).

The two major categories of consonants are voiced and unvoiced consonants.
Voiced Consonants Voiced consonants make sound using the vibration of your vocal folds in your larynx - the "voice box".

You can tell if a consonant is voiced in a couple of ways:

1. Put your finger on your throat when you say it.

If you feel vibration, it is voiced.

2. Put your fingers in your ears when you say it.

If you can still "hear" the consonant through the vibrations in your neck and head, it is voiced.

Voiced consonants in English:

/b/ as in ball

/d/ as in dog

/ʤ/ as in joke

/g/ as in good

/v/ as in van

/ð/ as in that

/z/ as in zoo

/ʒ/ as in vision

/m/ as in mouth

/n/ as in no

/ŋ/ as in thing

/l/ as in love

/r/ as in right

/w/ as in why

/j/ as in you

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Unvoiced consonants:

Unvoiced consonants do not use this vibration.

Instead they make sound using the movement of air through your teeth, tongue, lips and other articulators.

Unvoiced consonants in English:

/p/ as in pea

/t/ as in tea

/ʧ/ as in cheap

/k/ as in coffee

/f/ as in fat

/θ/ as in thin

/s/ as in see

/ʃ/ as in she

/h/ as in he

،،،

Word Stress Rules

Here I'm going to mention brief information about ☆ stress in English ☆

Word Stress Rules

There are two very simple rules about word stress:

One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words.

Two stresses can not be one word. It is true that there can be "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.

Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.

Smile is the best way to say hello in any language

Smile is the best way to say hello in any language

Body language is very important when you meet friends or new people. In some countries, men sometimes shake hands and women do that too. In other countries, people don't like shake hands, they become upset when you touch them. Others, Maybe, bow or nod to say hello. Every country, community,  and people have their own way to welcome people and say hello. But A  Smile is the best way to say hello.

Although people have different languages, smile is the best way to say hello in any language. Smile gives the person in front of you a good impression about you. Unlike, Folding arms and don't smile, when you meet people, show you bored. And not looking to the person make you bored too.

However you feel toward people who meet, try to smile.

Try to Smile when you be happy, Smile when you be upset, Smile when you be angry, and Smile when you are sad. Because Smile can change your mood to better.

Just smile and smile..  every thing will be fine.

Dear whoever is reading this,
I hope you find a reason to smile.
I'm happy because I believe that my lord the
one never let me down ,Allah guides me ,shows me right from wrong and makes me smile .

  

Everyday we have a new story

Everyday we have a new story

Everyday we have a new story, new beginning, and new events. We meet new people, we make new relationships, and we face a lot of difficulties of our daily lives. Maybe, we start our day either with a smile or with a tear ..
Maybe, we start our day either with a laugh or with a shout ..
Maybe, we start our day either with a happy surprise or with a shock

Anyway you start your day, you have to fillfull your soul with hopeful, draw a beautiful smile on your face, and try to do the best ..

Unfortunately, we sometimes faced a lot of difficulties in our day, and some people feel sad, depression,or even their bodies will be full of pessimistic. Just imagine that you are in adventure and you need to pass on to win, trust yourself, be confident and everything will be fine, I hope so.

There are several stories, and everyone has his own story.. you can make the beginning and you can finish it as you like. Don't let anyone affect your ambitious and go ahead, and be sure that you are able to be.

I hope that your story will be as you want, full of happiness and pleasure.
Thank you for reading!
Hope this enjoy you.

Regards.